Statistical Data
Participants contributed follow-up time from the return of the 1986 questionnaire up to the occurrence of a confirmed stroke, death, or January 31, 1994. Intakes of potassium and other nutrients were energy-adjusted to 2000 kcal/d. 16 Relative risks (RR) were calculated by dividing the incidence of stroke among men in each fifth of energy-adjusted potassium intake at baseline by the incidence among men in the lowest fifth of intake. Similar calculations were done for the other nutrients. We adjusted RRs for age (5-year categories) 17 and used the Mantel extension test 18 to test for linear trends. To adjust for other risk factors, we used pooled logistic regression with 2-year intervals. When the probability of an event within an interval is small, this method is equivalent to a Cox proportional-hazards analysis. 19 Multivariate models included as covariates calendar time (2-year intervals), total energy intake (continuous variable), smoking (current, past, and 1 to 14, 15 to 24, and ?25 cigarettes/d), alcohol consumption (<5, 5 to 9, 10 to 14, 15 to 29, and ?30 g/d), history of hypertension, history of hypercholesterolemia, parental history of myocardial infarction before age 65 years, profession, and quintiles of body mass index and physical activity. In these models, we evaluated monotonic trends by using the median value of each category and modeling this as a continuous variable. All P values are 2-sided. Covariates were not updated during the follow-up.
Performance
While in the 323 394 person-numerous years of go after-right up, i recorded 328 instances of cerebrovascular crashes (fifty deadly), along with 210 ischemic, 70 hemorrhagic, and you will forty eight unclassified shots. Boys regarding the most readily useful fifth out-of potassium consumption (in addition to potassium away from pills) was basically less inclined to tobacco, have been alot more actually effective, and you may ate shorter alcoholic beverages, shorter weight, much more protein, plus micronutrients than guys at the end fifth (Table 1 ). Comparable affairs was in fact located to have magnesium, fiber, and you may calcium supplements (study not found). Age-modified RR out-of overall heart attack for men on the greatest 5th out of potassium intake compared to those who work in the beds base 5th was 0.59 (Desk dos ). It RR is some attenuated by improvement getting nondietary chance situations (RR=0.62) and also by then adjustment to have intakes off magnesium and you can fiber (RR=0.69). The latest associated connections with ischemic coronary attack was indeed comparable, whereas zero tall associations had been observed to have hemorrhagic coronary attack (research maybe not found). Subsequent modifications for consumption out of complete lbs, proteins, saturated fat, supplement C, e vitamin, carotene, or folic acid failed to materially alter the relationship anywhere between potassium intake and risk of overall heart attack, neither did improvement to have baseline systolic and you may diastolic blood circulation pressure otherwise introduction towards brand of a relationship label ranging from age and you may blood pressure.
Intakes off fibre and you may magnesium was basically both inversely on the likelihood of total coronary attack when you look at the years-adjusted analyses (Table 2 ). These relationships have been only sparingly attenuated by the adjustment to possess nondietary chance situations, even so they had been drastically poor inside regression habits that while doing so included potassium, magnesium, and you may fibre by the self-confident https://hookupdaddy.net/lesbian-hookup-apps/ correlations anywhere between consumption out of such nutrition (Pearson correlation coefficients was indeed 0.65 having magnesium and you will potassium, 0.62 for magnesium and you will soluble fiber, and you will 0.58 to own potassium and dietary fiber).
Neither calcium nor sodium consumption (data perhaps not found) is actually significantly with the risk of full, ischemic, or hemorrhagic coronary attack. Salt intake was also unrelated to help you consumption regarding potassium (Pearson relationship = ?0.02) and you will was not assessed subsequent. Just like the from inside the a past data a keen inverse association are claimed between calcium away from milk products provide and danger of coronary arrest, 20 i checked out this dating in our cohort. This new multivariate exposure into better compared with the bottom quintile regarding dairy calcium supplements consumption is 0.83 (95% CI, 0.59, 1.17) to own complete (Dining table 2 ), 0.ninety (95% CI, 0.59, 1.37) getting ischemic, and 0.73 (95% CI, 0.thirty six, step 1.51) for hemorrhagic coronary arrest; a minimal incidence of each lead was present in the center quintile regarding consumption. Along with, i checked out perhaps the chance of coronary arrest try all the way down certainly people who said using calcium supplements at the standard. Brand new RR for men whom grabbed ?eight hundred milligrams/d away from extra calcium supplements compared to nonusers is 0.88 getting total stroke (95% CI, 0.60, 1.27) and you will 0.83 to possess ischemic heart attack (95% CI, 0.52, step one.34).
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